![]() based their definitions on the structure of the feedback environment, summarising the effect of all direct and indirect interactions between individuals on fitness. (TREE 13:367–370, 1998) in that it is based only on the signs of the invasion fitnesses, whereas Heino et al. Our concept differs from that of Heino et al. This is equivalent to the absence of weak priority effects, protected dimorphisms and rock–scissor–paper configurations. We propose to call the invasion fitnesses of an eco-evolutionary model frequency independent when the phenotypes can be ranked by competitive strength, measured by who can invade whom. ![]() In this paper we develop a concept of frequency independence that attempts to capture the practical use of the term by ecologists, which although inspired by population genetics rarely fits its strict definition. This goes with using the per capita invasion speed of mutants as their fitness. Evolutionary ecologists generally focus on trait evolution through repeated mutant substitutions in populations with complicated life histories. The fitness concept and perforce the definition of frequency independent fitnesses from population genetics is closely tied to discrete time population models with non-overlapping generations.
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